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Software Engineering

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What are the characteristics of software?

Software exhibits several key characteristics that define its nature and influence its development and use. Here's a breakdown of some important characteristics:

Intangibility: Unlike hardware, software is intangible. It cannot be seen or touched. It consists of instructions and data.

Non-Manufacturing: Software is developed or engineered; it is not manufactured in the traditional sense. This means there isn't a physical assembly process. The cost is largely in design and development rather than production.

Complexity: Software systems, especially large ones, are often incredibly complex. This complexity arises from the intricate interactions between different components, the need to manage vast amounts of data, and the requirement to meet diverse user needs.

Flexibility: Software is highly flexible and can be easily modified or adapted to meet new requirements or to fix bugs. This adaptability is a major advantage over hardware.

Maintainability: Software requires maintenance to correct errors, improve performance, and adapt to changing environments. Maintenance can be a significant portion of the software lifecycle cost.

Reliability: Users expect software to be reliable and to perform its intended functions correctly and consistently. Reliability is a critical factor in software quality.

Evolving Nature: Software is constantly evolving. New versions are released to add features, fix bugs, and improve performance. This continuous evolution is necessary to keep the software relevant and competitive.

Dependence on Hardware: Software depends on hardware to function. It requires a computer or other device to execute its instructions.

Error-Proneness: Software is prone to errors or bugs, which can cause it to malfunction or produce incorrect results. Thorough testing is essential to minimize the number of errors.

Reusability: Software components can often be reused in different applications, saving time and effort in development. This is a key principle of software engineering.

Wrote answer · 3/14/2025
Karma · 40
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How do I fix the @nestjs/mongoose model dependency injection error in the latest update?
After updating to recent version of @nestjs/mongoose, serving nest backend started throwing the dependency error like below:

Error: Nest can't resolve dependencies of the XYZService (?). Please make sure that the argument XYZModel at index [0] is available in the XYZModule context.
Potential solutions:
- If XYZModel is a provider, is it part of the current XYZModule?
- If XYZModel is exported from a separate @Module, is that module imported within XYZModule?
  @Module({
    imports: [ /* the Module containing XYZModel */ ]
  })

There are several issues on nest github repo, but there isn't any offitial suggested solution.

It appears that, this issue happens when we have some sort of version incompatibility, for example, if you downgrade to @nest/mongoose@8.0.1, this issue disappears.

Solution without downgrading:
You have to mention the connection name in addition to model name in the @InjectModel decorator.

Before fix:

constructor(
  @InjectModel("XYZModel")
  protected model: Model<XYZDocument>
 ) {}


After fix:


constructor(
  @InjectModel("XYZModel", "XYZConnection")
  protected model: Model<XYZDocument>
 ) {}


Here is the code in @nestjs/mongoose library (in mongoose.utils.ts file), that appends Model keyword to the collection name, that results in the error:


export function getModelToken(model: string, connectionName?: string) {
  if (connectionName === undefined) {
    return `${model}Model`;
  }
  return `${getConnectionToken(connectionName)}/${model}Model`;
}


Hope it helps.
Wrote answer · 8/2/2022
Karma · 1435
1
How do I forward a root domain to 'www' in GoDaddy while preserving the full URL?
There are several posts on Godaddy support forum, mentioning about using the subdomain forwarding in 'Manage DNS' section to forward example.com to www.example.com. The forwarding only works if you exactly type example.com in address bar.

But that feature does not work in following cases:
  • If your URL is more than a domain name. e.g. example.com/xyz will not get forwarded to www.example.com/xyz
  • If you type https://example.com it will not be forwarded to https://www.example.com
If you want the above cases to work, GoDaddy wants you to host your website on their own Hosting platform, so if you are AWS/Google Cloud/Azure/Digital Ocean customer, then you are out of luck with the domain forwarding option in GoDaddy.

How to fix it:
  • Remove the subdomain forwarding from GoDaddy's Manage DNS.
  • Add A record with @ entry, pointing to the IP address of your hosting server(from where you serve your website)
  • Implement the URL handling/forwarding in your website

You need to handle all the root to www traffic on your own, where you have hosted your website. And there are several ways to host your website, so it would depend on how you have implemented your deployment. Here are a couple of examples
app.get('/*', function(req, res, next) {
  if (req.headers.host.match(/^www/) !== null ) {
    res.redirect('http://' + req.headers.host.replace(/^www\./, '') + req.url);
  } else {
    next();     
  }
})
Wrote answer · 7/18/2022
Karma · 1435
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What is the average called in statistical language?
The average is called mean in statistical language. To be more accurate, it's called arithmetic mean.
Wrote answer · 8/2/2022
Karma · 1435
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Who is Rosemary Fell's son?

In Katherine Mansfield's short story "A Cup of Tea," Rosemary Fell does not have a son. She is married to Philip and the story hints at her desire for a child but does not state she has one.

Therefore, Rosemary Fell does not have a son in the context of the story "A Cup of Tea."

Wrote answer · 3/14/2025
Karma · 40
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Is a square matrix A invertible if |A|=0?

No, a square matrix A is not invertible if its determinant |A| is equal to 0. A matrix is invertible (also known as non-singular or non-degenerate) if and only if its determinant is non-zero. If the determinant is zero, the matrix is singular and does not have an inverse.

Invertibility requires that the matrix represents a transformation that can be "undone." When the determinant is zero, it means the matrix collapses space (or at least reduces its dimension), making it impossible to reverse the transformation uniquely.

You can explore more about invertible matrices and their properties on websites such as:

Wrote answer · 3/14/2025
Karma · 40