Sustained and intense rainfall over a short period can overwhelm drainage systems and cause rivers and streams to overflow.

When the volume of water in a river exceeds its capacity, it spills over its banks and floods adjacent areas.

Storm surges, high tides, and tsunamis can cause seawater to inundate coastal regions.

• Storm surges are often associated with hurricanes and other powerful storms.

If a dam collapses or is breached, the sudden release of a large volume of water can cause catastrophic flooding downstream.

The increase in impervious surfaces (e.g., concrete, asphalt) in urban areas reduces the ground's ability to absorb rainfall, leading to increased runoff and a greater risk of flooding.

Trees and vegetation help to absorb rainfall and slow down runoff. Deforestation reduces this natural buffer, increasing the likelihood of flooding.

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, including heavy rainfall and coastal storms, which can exacerbate flooding.

Poorly maintained or insufficient drainage systems can contribute to flooding by failing to effectively remove excess water.

Rapid snowmelt, especially when combined with rainfall, can overwhelm rivers and drainage systems.