Sovereignty is a complex and much-debated concept in political science and international law. At its core, it refers to the supreme authority within a territory. Here's a breakdown of key aspects:

• Definition: Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies.
• Internal Sovereignty: This refers to the power of a state to exert control over its own territory and population. It includes the ability to make and enforce laws, collect taxes, and provide public services.
• External Sovereignty: This refers to the independence of a state from external actors. It includes the right to conduct foreign policy, enter into treaties, and defend its borders.
• Key Features:
  • Exclusivity: The state has the sole right to exercise authority within its territory.
  • Autonomy: The state is free from external control in its internal affairs.
  • Supremacy: The state's authority is supreme over all individuals and groups within its territory.
• Historical Context: The concept of sovereignty emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly with thinkers like Jean Bodin, as a way to consolidate power within emerging nation-states. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 is often seen as a key moment in the development of the modern concept of state sovereignty. Britannica - Peace of Westphalia
• Contemporary Challenges: In the modern era, sovereignty is challenged by various factors, including:
  • Globalization: Increased interconnectedness can limit a state's control over its economy and borders.
  • International Organizations: Membership in organizations like the United Nations or the European Union can involve surrendering some degree of sovereignty.
  • Human Rights Norms: The increasing emphasis on human rights can lead to intervention in a state's internal affairs if it is deemed to be violating those rights.