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What is the preparation and application of fullerene?
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Fullerenes are a fascinating class of carbon allotropes with unique structures and properties. Here's a breakdown of their preparation and applications:
Preparation of Fullerenes
- Arc Discharge Method: This is the most common method. An arc is struck between two graphite electrodes in an inert atmosphere (like helium or argon). The intense heat vaporizes the carbon, which then cools and condenses into fullerenes, soot, and other carbon structures. (Source)
- Laser Ablation: A pulsed laser beam is focused onto a graphite target in an inert atmosphere. The laser ablates the carbon, forming a plasma that cools and condenses into fullerenes. (Source)
- Chemical Synthesis: While less common for large-scale production of C60, chemical synthesis methods exist for creating specific fullerene derivatives and smaller fullerenes. These methods often involve complex organic chemistry techniques.
- Soot Extraction: The soot produced by the arc discharge or laser ablation methods contains a mixture of fullerenes. These fullerenes are then extracted using organic solvents like toluene or xylene. The different fullerenes can then be separated using chromatography techniques.
Applications of Fullerenes
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Materials Science:
- Reinforcement in Composites: Fullerenes can be added to polymers and other materials to improve their strength, stiffness, and toughness.
- Superconductors: When doped with alkali metals, some fullerenes exhibit superconductivity at relatively high temperatures.
- Nanotube Production: Fullerenes are used as seeds for the growth of carbon nanotubes.
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Medicine:
- Drug Delivery: Fullerenes can encapsulate drug molecules and deliver them specifically to target cells, reducing side effects.
- Antioxidants: Fullerenes can act as antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from damage.
- Photodynamic Therapy: Fullerenes can be used as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment.
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Electronics:
- Organic Solar Cells: Fullerenes are used as electron acceptors in organic solar cells, improving their efficiency.
- Transistors: Fullerenes can be used as active materials in transistors.
- Cosmetics: Due to their antioxidant properties, fullerenes are sometimes used in cosmetic products to protect the skin from damage.
- Catalysis: Fullerenes and their derivatives can be used as catalysts or catalyst supports in various chemical reactions.
It's worth noting that research into fullerene applications is ongoing, and new uses are continuously being explored.