Centripetal Force:

• Centripetal force is a real force that causes an object to move in a circular path. It is always directed towards the center of the circle.

• It is the net force acting on an object that changes the object's direction, thus causing it to accelerate towards the center.

• Examples include the gravitational force that keeps a satellite in orbit around a planet and the tension in a string that keeps a ball moving in a circle.

Centrifugal Force:

• Centrifugal force is an apparent force that is felt by an object moving in a circular path, from the perspective of an observer in the rotating frame of reference.

• It is not a real force in the sense that it's not caused by an interaction with another object. It is a pseudo force that arises due to inertia and the rotating frame of reference.

• It appears to push the object away from the center of the circle.

• For example, a person in a car turning a corner may feel thrown outwards; this is the effect of centrifugal force.

In summary:

• Centripetal force is real, directed towards the center, and causes circular motion.

• Centrifugal force is apparent, directed away from the center, and is a consequence of inertia in a rotating frame.

Fundamental Frequency of a Pipe Closed at One End:

For a pipe closed at one end, the fundamental frequency (first harmonic) corresponds to a wavelength that is four times the length of the pipe.

Given:

• Length of the air column (L) = 0.17 m

• Velocity of sound in air (v) = 340 m/s

The wavelength (λ) for the fundamental frequency is:

λ = 4L = 4 * 0.17 m = 0.68 m

The fundamental frequency (f) is given by the formula:

f = v / λ

Substituting the values:

f = 340 m/s / 0.68 m = 500 Hz

Therefore, the fundamental frequency of the pipe closed at one end is 500 Hz.