Vertebrates are a subphylum of chordates, characterized by possessing a backbone or spinal column. This internal skeleton provides support and protection for the spinal cord, a key component of the nervous system. Vertebrates represent a diverse group of animals, including:

• Fish: Both jawless and jawed fish.
• Amphibians: Such as frogs, toads, and salamanders.
• Reptiles: Including snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles.
• Birds: Characterized by feathers and the ability to fly (in most cases).
• Mammals: Animals with hair or fur, mammary glands, and typically give birth to live young.

Vertebrates exhibit a wide range of adaptations that have allowed them to thrive in diverse environments across the globe.