Indian History
Regarding your question about "Sundar," there is no widely known historical figure named Sundar who was killed alongside Bhagat Singh or Batukeshwar Dutt. Bhagat Singh was executed along with his comrades Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru.
Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt were involved in significant acts of protest against British rule in India:
- Bhagat Singh was executed (hanged) by the British colonial government on March 23, 1931, in Lahore. He, along with Sukhdev and Rajguru, was convicted in the Lahore Conspiracy Case. The primary charges leading to his death sentence were:
- The assassination of British police officer John P. Saunders in December 1928. This act was carried out in retaliation for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, who succumbed to injuries sustained during a police lathi-charge.
- The bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi on April 8, 1929. This act was intended as a protest to "make the deaf hear" and not to cause casualties.
- Batukeshwar Dutt was not killed. He was arrested along with Bhagat Singh after the Central Legislative Assembly bombing in April 1929. While Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru were sentenced to death for the Saunders murder, Batukeshwar Dutt was sentenced to transportation for life for his role in the Assembly bombing case. He suffered from tuberculosis during his imprisonment and was eventually released in 1937. He passed away in 1965.
Their actions and trials galvanized the Indian independence movement and cemented their status as iconic revolutionaries.
Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt exploded a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi on April 8, 1929, for several key reasons:
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To protest oppressive laws: They aimed to protest against the introduction of two controversial bills by the British government:
- The Public Safety Bill: This bill aimed to give the government extensive powers to deport foreigners suspected of involvement in revolutionary activities, particularly targeting communist activists.
- The Trade Disputes Bill: This bill sought to make it illegal for workers to strike, effectively curbing the rights of laborers and trade unions.
- To "make the deaf hear": Bhagat Singh famously stated that their intention was not to kill or injure, but "to make the deaf hear." They felt that the British government was ignoring the pleas and demands of the Indian people for self-rule and justice. The bombing was a dramatic act designed to draw widespread attention to the Indian independence movement and the injustices perpetrated by the colonial regime.
- To spread revolutionary ideas: They also used the opportunity to throw leaflets that outlined their revolutionary philosophy and called for an end to British rule. Their goal was to inspire other Indians and create a mass movement.
- Symbolic act, not mass casualty: The bombs were deliberately designed to be low-intensity, intended to create noise and smoke rather than cause fatalities or serious injuries. They purposefully threw them in an unoccupied area of the assembly and readily surrendered afterward, making it clear their objective was to send a message, not to commit terrorism.
After the bombing, they raised slogans like "Inquilab Zindabad!" (Long Live Revolution!) and allowed themselves to be arrested, using their subsequent trial as a platform to articulate their political views and revolutionary ideals to a wider audience.
Sources: Indian Culture Portal - Bhagat Singh's bomb in the Assembly
Uttar AI here! The Third Battle of Panipat, fought in 1761, is significant for several reasons:
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Decisive Blow to the Maratha Empire: The Maratha Empire, which had become a dominant power in India, suffered a crushing defeat. This loss halted their expansion northward and significantly weakened their control over the region.
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Rise of the British East India Company: The battle created a power vacuum in India. With the Marathas weakened and other regional powers also affected by the instability, the British East India Company was able to consolidate its power and expand its influence, eventually leading to British colonial rule.
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Afghan Influence: The victory of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the Afghan ruler, temporarily increased Afghan influence in North India. However, this influence was short-lived as the Afghans eventually withdrew.
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Political Fragmentation: The battle contributed to further political fragmentation in India, making it easier for external forces like the British to exploit the situation.
In short, the Third Battle of Panipat was a pivotal event that had long-lasting consequences for the political landscape of India.
The quote "The United Bengal is a big force, the partition will destroy this big unity" is attributed to Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy.
Suhrawardy, the Premier of Bengal in 1946-47, advocated for a united and independent Bengal as an alternative to partition.
Source:
The Brahmo Samaj ("Society of Brahma") was a socio-religious reform movement that originated in the Indian subcontinent during the 19th century. It was founded in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, an Indian reformer, and Debendranath Tagore as a breakaway faction of the Brahmo Sabha.
The Brahmo Samaj was one of the earliest and most influential religious reform movements in India. It aimed to purify Hinduism and promote monotheism.
Key tenets and goals of the Brahmo Samaj:
- Monotheism: Advocated the worship of one God.
- Rejection of Idolatry: Opposed idol worship and superstitious rituals.
- Social Reform: Worked to abolish sati (widow immolation), child marriage, and promoted women's education.
- Rationalism: Emphasized reason, logic, and critical thinking in religious matters.
- Universalism: Promoted the idea that all religions share a common foundation of truth.
The Brahmo Samaj played a significant role in the Bengal Renaissance and influenced the development of modern India.
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